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House Science, Space, and Technology U.S. House of Representatives
Follow its sittingsSpeaker 3
Well, thank you, Chairman Babin. Today, our committee will consider a bill that advances quantum technology, the next frontier in computing, communications, and sensing. Introduced by energy subcommittee chairman Randy Weber, the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act continues the work this committee began 8 years ago. I'm eager to build upon our prior accomplishment. For decades, the US has enjoyed being the global leader in quantum information science in terms of both research output and investment across every quantum application and technology.
Our leadership was built upon a foundation of investments and efforts at all levels in academia, industry, and the federal government. In 2018, Congress demonstrated strong bipartisan support for the emerging quantum industry with the National Quantum Initiative Act, which created a whole-of-government approach to advancing quantum technologies. However, US leadership is far from assured. In fact, we're on the precipice of not just falling to second place, but maybe even third or fourth. In 2024, the Chinese Communist Party invested more than four times what the United States has done in quantum R and D.
In 2025, the CCP announced a $138,000,000,000 fund to support their public-private partnerships and emerging technologies, including quantum computing. The Chinese Communist Party is in a position to outspend our efforts again this year and for the next 5, while the US administration is frankly taking a sledgehammer to US science agencies, including the leading agencies for quantum information science. But China is not alone in its investments. Japan is planning to invest roughly 860,000,000 in quantum research in 2026. In the European Union, the German government alone is planning to spend 3,000,000,000 on quantum technologies between 2022 and 2026.
Now, while some may have trouble with this kind of math, let me lay out the consequences. Without significant investment, we sell out the future and waste whatever technological lead we've achieved so far. After significant outreach and bipartisan negotiations, we're ready today to update the National Quantum Initiative Act and meet emerging challenges for the US competitiveness in quantum. At the moment, this bill does not have any funds authorized, as the chairman has mentioned. I had preferred to include authorized amounts, but in the spirit of bipartisanship and compromise, I support this bill.
It was important to me, and I think the chairman agrees, that we not undercut the agencies as they seek to accelerate investments in quantum. Unfortunately, as the chairman has mentioned, we do not yet have fiscal year 2026 spending plans for the agencies. Chairman Bavin has assured me he will work with me to address the challenge of appropriate spending levels so we can be assured that all of our relevant agencies have the resources to carry out the activities authorized under this bill before the bill moves to the floor. Overall, I support the bipartisan policy proposals outlined in this bill. With this bill, we can develop the critical human and physical infrastructure that will enable the United States to move quantum technologies from lab to market.
Human infrastructure means preparing a quantum-ready workforce in the United States, from the skilled technician to the doctoral graduate. And physical infrastructure means creating new quantum test beds, updated state-of-the-art federal research laboratories, and new centers to advance research in quantum sensing, measurement, and engineering. The NQIA reauthorization will help leverage our international partners to maximize our quantum research and development capabilities, and better compete with our adversaries. It also officially incorporates NASA into the NQI to ensure we're capitalizing on their unique capabilities, perspectives, and testing capacity. Lastly, the bill updates the goals and objectives of many quantum programs across agencies to ensure quantum research can move beyond basic science and into applied research, demonstration, and commercial applications.
The United States must be the leader in this emerging technology, and achieving that requires a sound strategy on what policy changes and funding are needed to maintain US leadership. And on that note, I want to thank the chairman and his staff for working with me and my staff on this legislation. I know we have a number of amendments. I think that we have reached an agreement on most of them. And I would want to note for all the members that you can be just as persuasive with a concise statement as with a lengthy one.
And with that, I will yield back the balance of my time.
Speaker 2
Absolutely. Thank you. The lady yields back. Other members are invited to submit opening statements to the record as well. So consideration of HR 8462 pursuant to notice, and I'll call up HR 8462, the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act.
The clerk will now report the bill.
Speaker 4
HR 8462, a bill to reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative Act and for other purposes.
Speaker 2
Objection, the bill is considered read and open for amendment at any point. Does any member wish to be recognized to speak on the underlying bill?
Speaker 5
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'm pleased to support, sponsor, and support HR 8462, the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act. Say that 10 times. The Trump administration has identified quantum information science, technology, and engineering as one of the nation's highest research and development priority areas. First passed in 2018 during President Trump's first term, the National Quantum Initiative aimed to accelerate the nation's advancement in quantum sciences as well as technologies.
These efforts demonstrate a long-term commitment to American innovation as well as to maintaining US leadership in science and technology. As the global push towards quantum supremacy intensifies, the United States faces growing pressure to maintain its leadership. Our adversaries, including the Chinese government party, CCP, the Chinese Communist Party, are committing significant resources to quantum information science. The US cannot and must not afford to fall behind in the race for quantum supremacy. This legislation builds on the hard work and progress we've made over the past 8 years to strengthen quantum information science.
It sustains the basic research that underpins our success, while including transitional research to move quantum technologies toward real-world applications. It also prioritizes workforce development, recognizing that a strong talent pipeline is absolutely critical to advancing and deploying these technologies. Lastly, it reinforces the importance of leveraging international partnerships to address the challenges and threats posed by our adversaries. This legislation also formally adds the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, to the National Quantum Initiative. NASA has made meaningful contributions to the goals of the National Quantum Initiative through targeted investments, including quantum-enabled technologies for space science and precision measurement.
Quantum science, engineering, and technology have the potential to redefine what's possible in this field. The National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act to help unlock that potential is exactly what it's going to do. I want to thank everyone who took the time and effort to submit thoughtful feedback and suggestions on how Congress can strengthen the National Quantum Initiative. I look forward to continuing to work with my fellow members of this committee and stakeholders as we move this process forward. Mister chairman, yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentleman yields back. And now I'd like to recognize Miss Ross, Representative Ross from North Carolina, for five minutes.
Speaker 6
Thank you, mister chairman, and thank you ranking member Lofgren for holding this markup on this critically important bill. I'm proud to represent North Carolina's 2nd Congressional District, home to the IBM Quantum Hub at NC State University. Since its opening, the IBM Quantum Hub has been the center of quantum computing education, research, development, and implementation. I've also visited the Duke Quantum Center, a unique vertical quantum institute located in Congresswoman Fuxi's district. I'm thrilled to see the advancements in quantum being made right at home in North Carolina, especially now, in a moment of unprecedented international competition.
I also wanna thank the chairman and the ranking member for including my amendments from last Congress in the underlying bill. The first amendment, which I co-led with congressman Oberknolty, is a version of my bill, the Leveraging Quantum Computing Act. This amendment would instruct our federal agencies to identify ways to take advantage of quantum computing, and thus ensure our nation can continue to be a global leader in innovation and technology. I was also pleased to join Chairman Babin on the second amendment, which would leverage the Department of Energy's expertise to research how quantum computing can enhance the resilience and security of our electric grid. Thank you very much, and I yield back.
Speaker 2
General, lady yields back. Any further discussion? Yes, Miss Salinas. Miss Salinas, recognized for five minutes.
Speaker 7
Thank you, Chair Babin and Ranking Member Lofgren, for holding today's markup. Quantum science and technology has remarkable potential to transform communications and computing. Our work today to reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative will help realize that potential and drive our innovation economy forward for decades to come. I wanna thank Mister Baird for working with me to ensure that researchers can take full advantage of these investments. Our bill, the Quantum Instrumentation for Science and Engineering Act, is included in this reauthorization and will improve access to research resources such as equipment and instrumentation to enable cutting-edge quantum research.
It also builds the quantum workforce by encouraging universities to collaborate with community and technical colleges to provide meaningful hands-on learning experiences for their students. Oregonians are at the forefront of quantum research, development, and education, which is reflected in the broad range of Oregon stakeholders across academia and industry supporting this bill. This includes the Oregon Institute of Technology, which is working to create a quantum computing innovation center and exploring the intersection of quantum computing and artificial intelligence, while offering applied learning to their students. Oregon State and the University of Oregon also endorsed the legislation, and these world class research universities are pushing the boundaries of scientific understanding in quantum fields. I'm also grateful for the support that we're getting from Intel, where engineers and technicians in Oregon are turning quantum research into commercial reality.
Breakthroughs in quantum science will lead to faster drug development, better clean energy technologies, and improved climate modeling, helping us tackle some of society's biggest challenges right now. Thank you to my colleagues for your work on this important legislation. I look forward to passing a strong bipartisan authorization, and I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentle lady, yields back. And now I'd like to recognize the gentle lady from Ohio, Miss Sykes. Five minutes.
Speaker 8
Thank you so much, mister chair, and to the ranking member for holding this markup on the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act. While I often hear that this committee is not the one with fireworks, it is certainly one that is very impactful to the well-being and the future of our country. Quantum technology has the power to fundamentally revolutionize health care, construction, national security, finance, and more, leading to better lives for people in Ohio's 13th Congressional District and across the nation. And it's one of the reasons I'm so excited to support this bill, because it also includes two of my bills, H.R. 8520, the Quantum for Health Act, and H.R. 3788, the Support for Quantum Supply Chains Act. Health care is one of the, if not the, largest industry in my district.
And back home in Northeast Ohio, we're already seeing how organizations are utilizing quantum technology to revolutionize health care. For example, in 2021, the Cleveland Clinic, which has multiple sites in Ohio's 13th District and across the world. And IBM announced a ten-year partnership to use quantum computing to accelerate research into treatments and vaccines that will help improve the lives of patients and solve some of our greatest health care challenges. My Quantum for Healthcare Act amends the National Quantum Initiative to include health care and other diverse sectors. This will empower innovation across industries, ensuring America can establish itself as a true leader in quantum technology.
In addition to adding to the multidisciplinary centers for quantum research and education, this bill also adds that these centers will conduct outreach to underrepresented groups in STEM. But it has come to my attention that there are members on this committee that take opposition to such underrepresented groups being a part of our quantum excellence, and so much so that they are willing to tank the entire bill. Such an action is shortsighted and, quite frankly, mean. We need more people interested in science, and arbitrary regulations removing individuals from accessing their talent will push us further behind, and not allow us to be as competitive as we should be on the global stage. I urge my colleagues to oppose any amendments that would cut language related to the Quantum for Health Act in uplifting underrepresented groups who deserve and have the talent to participate in quantum sciences.
After all, we can't take full advantage of quantum technologies if we do not have a secure infrastructure or a workforce to support that innovation. My bipartisan support for the Quantum Supply Chains Act would support our breakthrough quantum technologies and maintain American leadership by supporting the domestic supply chain. Signed into law in 2018, the National Quantum Initiative Act directed NIST to create a quantum economic development consortium to be the voice of the quantum industry. Currently, it comprises over 250 quantum industry and academic stakeholders, demonstrating the strength of our innovation in the quantum sector. In a recent survey, they reported that there are more than 8,200 quantum-related positions opening in 2025.
This presents a great opportunity for our workforce, but also a challenge for the industry if we do not invest in opportunities for domestic quantum talent, including through our domestic supply chain. This supply chain includes specialized components such as cryogenics, control electronics, photonics, ICs, and rare materials. Since this market is so specialized, government investment and coordination will be needed to strengthen the supply chain so we can capitalize on Quantum's technology's potential. Again, I wanna say thank you to the ranking member and the chair for holding this meeting. And I wanna give a special shout out to Representative Crawford for his partnership on this legislation, and to my colleagues for their unique and interesting work on the underlying bill, which will absolutely accelerate transformative quantum technology.
Thank you, Mr. Chair. I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentle lady Yields, I'd like to recognize a gentle lady from Michigan. Miss Stevens, five minutes.
Speaker 9
Well, thank you, mister chair, and what a delight to be in this committee room marking up our Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act. We are an innovative nation tied into the future of new technologies and economies of scale. And we all know that we cannot win on the world stage without quantum technology. And it has the potential, as you well know, Mister Chair, to solve some.
Speaker 9
Toughest challenges in chemistry, material sciences, and health care. But it also does present some risks, and the same computational power that enables breakthroughs can also break today's encryption standards, threatening our national and economic security, which is why we have to double down with vision, direction, and leadership, a defining technology race of the 21st century. And, of course, we are not alone in recognizing that. Mister chair, as you are aware, China has been investing aggressively for years with the explicit goal of surpassing the United States. And while America remains strong in foundational research, China is rapidly advancing in commercialization and deployment.
So we don't wanna fall behind, and we want everyone in the Congress to hear what we are doing from the mighty and humble science committee today with HR 8462, which ensures that the United States is not just leading in discovery, but winning in deployment, commercialization, and our favorite, workforce development, because jobs are the great elixir. So we gotta move quantum out of the lab and into the real economy. Okay? We've got these incredible universities that I've worked with for a very long time. You know, we all remember when President Obama started manufacturing in the USA.
He created this great lab that exists actually in Upstate New York, but they're doing some incredible things with quantum technology and fiber optics, and that needs to be recognized. It also needs to be recognized, mister chair, that this is bipartisan work, alright, from the last Congress. We still say that here in the science committee. And so I'm really pleased that this bill has got the priorities that I've been leading on. It includes my bipartisan post-quantum cybersecurity standards act.
So this is about staying ahead of these bad actors. And quantum computers, as they advance, they're gonna be capable of breaking the encryption that protect financial systems, our energy grid, and our health care data. My legislation directs the National Institute of Standards and Technology to accelerate the adoption of post-quantum cryptography, especially in high-risk sectors. And this is how we protect American infrastructure before it's too late. Second, the bill includes my bipartisan quantum sandbox legislation with the chair of the subcommittee on research and technology, my collaborative colleague for many years, Congressman Obernoti.
So this establishes test beds to move quantum technologies from the lab to real-world applications. We all like talking about the quantum sandbox. So if we wanna compete globally, we have to build, test, deploy in the United States, and preferably in a place called Michigan, where our universities are world class, and our workforce is second to none. So for Michigan, we're one of five states left in the country where manufacturing is the lifeblood of our economy. It is the top driver of our GDP.
It means designing better materials, building more efficient vehicles, and ensuring our workers lead in the next generation of innovation. So the choice before us is very simple. We can invest now. We can lead now. We can secure American leadership, or we can fall behind and let our competitors set the terms.
I know where I stand. I also know where almost every person on this committee stands. So what we need to do is talk to the roadblocks in the upper chamber about getting serious about quantum, because we've been doing this for three terms now, and we can't wait any longer. So American leadership in technology has never been accidental. It is the result of deliberative investment, strong partnerships, and a commitment to innovation.
This bill continues that legacy and positions the United States to lead in quantum for decades to come. I urge my colleagues to support, and, mister chair, I proudly yield back.
Speaker 2
General Lady yields back. We have had notification that votes have been called. So the committee will now stand in recess subject to the call of the chair, and we will reconvene after votes. Your staff will be communicated with. The committee on science, space, and technology will now come to order.
Is there any further discussion on the underlying bill that we had been discussing? If no further discussion on the underlying bill, we will proceed with the amendments in the order listed on the roster. First amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Gillen of New York. The clerk shall report Gillen amendment 075.
Speaker 4
Amendment to HR 8462 offered by Miss Gillen of New York. Page 13, strike line 7.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read, and I recognize Representative Gillen of New York for five minutes to explain her amendment.
Speaker 11
Well, thank you, chairman, and thank you for bringing us together for this markup today. My amendment, cosponsored by our colleague Representative Jay O'Brien Alty of California, will help promote regional quantum hubs across our country by fostering private sector partnerships and harnessing innovation to grow our economy. I was proud to work with Congressman Obernoti on this amendment and on the underlying bipartisan, bicameral Advancing Regional Quantum Hubs Act with Senators Kirsten Gillibrand and Marsha Blackburn. Mister chairman, our amendment would require the national subcommittee on quantum information science to prioritize strengthening the innovation, entrepreneurial, and research capacity of regions like Long Island and others, which have existing strengths in this field. This amendment would authorize the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Commerce to collaborate in support of regional hubs for quantum innovation.
Mister chairman, you noted in your opening remarks the critical importance of enhancing our nation's quantum capabilities. And I've heard from entrepreneurs and business owners across my district and across New York state who are eager to work with the federal government to advance quantum technologies. Our national security depends on our ability to invest in, scale, and quickly deploy technologies like AI and quantum. At this committee, as this committee works to set our nation's quantum strategy for the next decade, our amendment will ensure that we are catalyzing our nation's innovation hubs to protect our national security while growing our economy. I urge all my colleagues to support this bipartisan amendment, and with that, I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlewoman yields back. Now I'd like to recognize a gentleman from California. Five minutes.
Speaker 12
Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'd like to thank Congresswoman Gillen for submitting this amendment. It's an honor for me to co-lead it with her. We're all aware that quantum information science and technology, or KIST, has far-reaching implications for our country's national security, economic competitiveness, and technological leadership. KISS leverages quantum mechanics to process, transmit, and sense information in ways that are fundamentally impossible with classical technologies.
I believe that strengthening America's leadership in quantum science requires us to build innovation capacity not just here in Washington, DC, but in the communities where world-class research and industry are already taking shape. That's why I've joined Congresswoman Gillen in offering this amendment to support regional quantum innovation initiatives and enhance the educational and research capabilities of regions that have strengths in quantum fields. This amendment will ensure that federal agencies can partner directly with local innovators, universities, and startups working on breakthrough quantum technologies. It will help accelerate discoveries, boost regional economies, and ensure that the United States remains at the forefront of this strategically vital field. The regional quantum initiative that this amendment fosters will help bring universities, research institutions, startups, industry players, and government entities together to create the ecosystem required for KISS innovation and deployment.
I'd like to thank Congresswoman Gillen for her leadership in this area, and urge my colleagues to support the amendment. I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, yields back. If there's no further discussion on the amendment, the question is on the adoption of Gillen amendment 075. All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no.
In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it. The amendment is adopted. Next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Amo of Rhode Island. The clerk shall report Amo amendment 072.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read. I recognize representative Amo of Rhode Island for five minutes to explain his amendment.
Speaker 13
Quantum is going to shape the future, from our economy to our national security, to scientific discovery and how we understand the world around us. But as we build that future, we need to be clear about where these technologies show up in the real world. There's still a lot that we don't know about quantum, more stones to overturn, uses to discover, and applications to hone. But one thing is certain, we cannot afford to let the blue economy be left behind in the quantum revolution. Our oceans drive trade, support national defense, and are central to climate science.
And quantum has real potential here. Better navigation, more precise environmental monitoring, and the list goes on. So my amendment is simple. It ensures that the oceans and coastal systems are explicitly included in how we think about quantum applications, and that ocean science is part of the research ecosystem that we're building. It cannot be forgotten by the subcommittee on quantum information science and the multidisciplinary centers for quantum research and education.
We have to prioritize the blue economy. Look, some might say this is a small fix, but I think it connects the bill to a major and growing part of our economy. Ensuring that oceans and the blue economy are at the center of the quantum conversation will enable coastal states like mine, Rhode Island, to reap the rewards of the quantum revolution. So I urge you to support my common-sense amendment.
Speaker 2
I yield back. Gentlemen, yields back. If there's no further discussion on the amendment, the question is on the adoption of amendment zero seven two. All those in favor, say aye. Aye.
And those opposed, say no. In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it, and the amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Self of Texas. The clerk shall report self amendment 161.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read. I recognize Representative Self of Texas for five minutes to explain his amendment.
Speaker 14
Mister chairman, I rise to offer an amendment that addresses a critical gap in our quantum strategy.
Speaker 14
The software layer. This concept comes from the 2025 US-China Economic and Security Review Commission report, which made it clear that world-class hardware alone is not enough. Without strong software foundations, we will not achieve real-world capability or advantage. This amendment focuses on benchmarking, verification, secure software, supply chains, and much more. If we want to lead, we have to build the systems that work, scale, and can be trusted.
This ensures software is treated as a core priority, alongside hardware. I urge job adoption. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I yield back. Gentleman yields back. This amendment.
Speaker 3
I wanna thank mister Selfer's amendment to ensure quantum software has included. Many of the discussions I've had around quantum technology have centered on hardware challenges. However, he is exactly right. The US will need software innovation if we are to properly use error-proof quantum computers, and we've support this amendment. And I encourage all of our committee to do so, and I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, yields back, and I would like to speak. This amendment addresses software components in our national quantum strategy. It's important not to forget about the software element of quantum technologies, not just the hardware. Ensuring secure software and its supply chains will help bolster economic competitiveness and national security. This recommendation came from the 2023 US China Economic and Security Review Commission report, and I would urge its adoption.
Is there further discussion? There's no further discussion on the amendment. The question is on adoption of self-amendment 161. All those in favor, say aye. Aye.
All those opposed, say no. In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it. The amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Fushi of North Carolina. The clerk shall report Fushi amendment of five five.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered read, and I recognize Representative Fushi of North Carolina for five minutes to explain her amendment.
Speaker 15
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My amendment supports state and local governments as they prepare for the transition to post-quantum cryptography. As quantum technologies advance, we must ensure that our cybersecurity infrastructure keeps pace. State and local governments will need guidance and support to implement new standards. This amendment helps ensure that our public systems remain secure.
I thank the chairman and ranking member for their leadership, and I urge my colleagues to support this amendment. Heal back.
Speaker 2
Gentlewoman yields back, and I'd like to recognize the gentlewoman from Oregon, Miss Bonomichi.
Speaker 1
Thank you. Mister chairman, I move to strike the last word and speak in favor of the amendment, and in support of the underlying bill. Mister chairman? Recognized. Thank you.
I support the amendment, which is a great idea and a good addition to this bill. And, also, I wanna thank you, Chair Babin and Ranking Member Lofgren, for your leadership on this bipartisan national quantum initiative reauthorization. As we heard in this committee earlier this year, quantum technology is no longer confined to theory or early-stage research. The agency witnesses made clear that we're entering a phase where quantum systems demonstrate practical value, and where the US must focus on scaling and deployment. We're beginning to see tangible use cases for this technology to improve public safety and planning, for example.
Quantum sensors can improve navigation in settings where GPS is unreliable. They can improve early earthquake detection, which is essential for Oregonians living on or near the Cascadia Subduction Zone. The sensors can also enhance drought monitoring to help farmers and water managers prepare for drier seasons. In health care, quantum-enabled tools can improve imaging, accelerate drug discovery, and help model complex biological systems. In Oregon, in the district I'm honored to represent, we have a strong foundation to build quantum leadership.
Companies like Intel and Hillsboro are advancing semiconductor manufacturing with silicon spin qubits to reliably scale quantum systems. And at Oregon State University, which I happily work with even though I'm an Oregon Duck, researchers study advanced materials and nanotechnology to make quantum computing faster, smaller, and more efficient. And at the University of Oregon, my alma mater, they lead in quantum entanglement, superposition, and materials research that really does underpin next generation technologies. As quantum matures, the US needs to support the full technology ecosystem, and that's true from discovery to deployment. This bill recognizes that and would strengthen research and development, expand workforce pathways, and improve interagency clarity.
It also heeds the comments that we heard in January that federal efforts need to deliberately connect quantum research to applications. Bridging that gap requires sustained support for basic quantum research and the tools to help it mature. As the Department of Energy has highlighted, test beds and user facilities are critical to explore real-world quantum uses. And as NIST testified, it also requires taking workforce challenges seriously so we can broaden the quantum field. At that hearing, I raised concerns about the stability of the quantum workforce pipeline, which depends on students, technicians, engineers, and researchers who can access long-term careers.
That pipeline is showing warning signs. Graduate physics enrollment declined last year. This is a priority of mine as a member of the education committee and the subcommittee on higher education. And international students who represent roughly half of US quantum talent are increasingly hesitant to study or stay in the United States. At the same time, agencies face staffing losses, delayed and frozen grants, and debilitating budget proposals that make it harder to plan and build out long-term programs.
So if we reauthorize the national quantum initiative, but agencies don't have the staff to review proposals, manage grants, or support researchers, US quantum leadership will slip further away. This issue has remained a bipartisan priority, but we can't claim to want to lead in quantum if we weaken the institutions that make that leadership possible. The president's budget would cut the National Science Foundation by 55% and cut NIST by nearly 54%. And just last week, the president dismissed the entire National Science Board, the nonpartisan advisory board for federal science activities. Haphazard actions like this create instability and cede US leadership to global competitors.
So if we want quantum technologies that improve public safety, strengthen the economy, and support scientific discovery, we need to meet that ambition with sustained support for the federal science enterprise, and that includes our system of higher education. So thank you again to the chair and ranking member for your work on this bill, and I yield back the balance of my time.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen yields back. If there's no further discussion on the amendment, is somebody else, I'm sorry. Miss McLean Delaney, you're recognized for five minutes.
Speaker 10
Thank you, Mr. Chair and ranking member. I do support this amendment and echo many of the comments about research and other items that were made by rep Bonomichi. And I would like to give my opening comments, as I was not here given the erratic schedule of today. I want again to acknowledge that quantum information science is one of the few areas where the committee has consistently found bipartisan common ground, and that legacy is definitely worth protecting. It's also deeply important to me and to my district in Maryland 6.
I always say that the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which is located in Gaithersburg, is probably one of America's crown jewels of research. It should come as no surprise that NIST is at the forefront of research with two of the most significant campuses in the country for quantum R and D. Leadership in quantum technology is not merely a question of the behavior of the smallest particles in our universe. It is an economic and national security issue. It is about our US innovation.
Countries that dominate in quantum computing, sensing, and communications will hold the decisive advantage in cryptography, logistics, intelligence, and secure infrastructure. We cannot afford to fall behind. I am particularly encouraged by provisions that strengthen the quantum workforce pipeline, expand international cooperation with allies and partners, and direct serious attention to supply chain security, a big issue for me personally. Those priorities reflect exactly the kind of strategic long-term thinking that technology demands. I've noted this in committee before, but it appears, repeating one more time.
Last year, Governor Westmore launched Maryland's Capital of Quantum initiative, a groundbreaking public-private partnership uniting our state, our universities, private industry, and federal researchers. It is designed to harness Maryland's highly skilled workforce and deep technical expertise to help the United States compete and lead in the quantum race. This initiative reflects the very spirit of the talent pipeline envisioned in the bill, and I'm proud to see these same principles now reflected here today. Still, I must note my concerns about the authorization levels in the base text. Ranking member Lofgren has been clear.
Undercutting funding levels in this bill will jeopardize future negotiations, right when we should be signaling unity and resolve. I hope the majority will continue to engage seriously on this point to support our researchers. I look forward to a productive markup, and I remain committed to seeing this bill move forward in a way that will advance U.S. leadership and innovation in quantum technology. Thank you, and I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, yields back. Hearing no further discussion on the amendment, the question is on adoption of FUSHI amendment 055. All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no.
The opinion of the chair, the ayes have it, and the amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Harrigan of North Carolina. Clerk shall report Harrigan amendment 055.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read, and I recognize Representative Harrigan of North Carolina for five minutes to explain his amendment.
Speaker 16
Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. My amendment simply ensures that small businesses are included within the scope of the NIST quantum centers program. Including small and innovative startups in discussions surrounding quantum computing and quantum research is fundamentally essential to maintaining our leadership in this crucial emerging technology. Who knows where the next quantum breakthrough is going to come from? After all, both Microsoft and Apple started in garages, and now their devices and applications are ubiquitous in business and government across the world.
Making sure that small businesses have a seat at the table ensures that we do not miss out on the next quantum breakthrough, and provides opportunities for otherwise overlooked businesses to make their mark in the quantum space. I urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to support this common-sense amendment. And, mister chairman, I yield back.
Speaker 3
I would just like to thank mister Harrigan for his amendment, which we think is important and highlights the role that startups play, and I support the amendment. Yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, yields. I support the gentleman's amendment as well. It ensures that small business concerns are explicitly included in the quantum ecosystem, helping to expand participation and strengthen innovation across the private sector. I would urge my colleagues to support its inclusion in the bill. If there's no further discussion on the amendment, the question is on the adoption of amendment 555.
All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no. The opinion of the chair of the ayes have it. The amendment is adopted.
Okay. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Self of Texas. The clerk shall report self-amendment 159.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read. Now I'll recognize the representative of Self of Texas for five minutes to explain his amendment.
Speaker 14
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I rise to offer an amendment to the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act. This amendment strikes all language directing agencies to prioritize participation in different categories, including underrepresented groups. The concern here is straightforward. The term is not clearly defined anywhere in the bill, or it is left open to interpretation.
Congress does, our nation no favors when we do that. And I also have real concerns about moving forward with a reauthorization that does not include clear authorization levels. We've seen the previous years funded by the appropriations committee, and should have used that as a baseline. We're currently $39,000,000,000,000 in debt. At a time like this, we cannot continue the practice of authorizing programs without defining what we are actually willing to spend.
That said, mister chairman, I recognize the importance of getting this bill across the finish line. And in the interest of continuing the legislative process, I will not press the amendment at this time. I withdraw my amendment.
Speaker 2
Will move on. Thank you. The next amendment is on the roster. It's the amendment offered by Representative Menafee of Texas. Clerk shall report Menafi amendment 06.
Speaker 3
Mister chairman, in Mister Menafi's absence, I would offer this amendment on his behalf. This is a thoughtful amendment which directs the NSF centers authorized under the bill to support technology transfer and applications of quantum science. A core theme of this real authorization is bridging the gap for technologies to move from the lab to market, and this amendment supports those efforts. So with that, I would yield back.
Speaker 2
Any other discussion? Mhmm. Okay. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Whitesides of California. The chair our clerk shall report Whitesides' amendment of four eight.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read, and I recognize Miss Loffrin of California for five minutes to explain the amendment.
Speaker 3
Thank you. Mister Whitesides is in the armed services committee. Oh, here he is.
Speaker 2
Swallow Mister Whitesides. You go ahead and introduce your amendment there.
Speaker 17
tries. I'm offering this amendment today because I believe a small change in language can make a meaningful difference in how NASA approaches one of the most exciting frontiers in science and technology. The underlying bill does important work directing NASA to identify opportunities for quantum information science across its mission portfolio. But as written, the strategy language focuses on the solar system and the universe, and doesn't explicitly call out Earth science as a domain where quantum technology can deliver real breakthroughs. My amendment fixes that.
By adding reference to measurements of the earth, we're making clear that quantum sensing and measurement technologies have a critical role to play right here at home, in how we study our home planet. And NASA is already doing that. The quantum gravity gradiometer pathfinder is an early stage earth science project that uses quantum sensing from space to achieve unprecedented precision in measuring Earth's gravity field. Scientists from JPL, which serves my district in California and is adjacent to my district, are deeply involved in that work. It's exactly the kind of mission this bill is designed to accelerate.
Better measurements of Earth's gravity and surface conditions aren't abstract. They improve our understanding of sea level rise, groundwater depletion, and the forces shaping our climate. Quantum technology may be what gets us there. This is a targeted additive change. It doesn't restructure the bill or create new mandates.
It simply ensures the statute reflects the full scope of where quantum science can take us, including the planet that we call home. I urge my colleagues to support the amendment. I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, Yields, is there no further discussion on the amendment? The question is on the adoption of Whiteside's amendment of four eight. All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no.
The opinion of the chair, the ayes have it. The amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Oberonulti of California. The clerk shall report Obernoti amendment 6 3.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered read. Now recognize representative Obernoti of California for five minutes to explain the amendment.
Speaker 12
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Everyone on this committee knows that quantum computing is an absolutely game-changing advancement in technology. It will dramatically increase the speed at which computers can run algorithms and solve problems, enabling new opportunities to improve our supply chains, transportation networks, electrical grid, and our communication resilience. As written, the base text in the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act will help ensure the United States can realize the benefits from these technological gains and remain a global leader in the development of this technology. Critically, however, I believe that we can remain a global leader in not only the development, but also the deployment of new quantum technologies by providing a cloud-based venue for developers to produce quantum-enabled software tools from a variety of different systems for use in sectors such as telecommunications, financial services, health care, and defense.
My amendment does exactly that and aims to increase quantum technology commercial advancement by establishing the collaborative venture for quantum application development acceleration program. This program allows government and industry partners to come together to deploy quantum and quantum-hybrid applications for near-term use. As many of my colleagues are aware, particularly on this committee, unlike traditional computers which store and analyze data as either zeros or ones, quantum computers operate with quantum bits known as qubits, which are complex dual systems of both zero and one simultaneously, a concept derived from quantum physics. Although fully developed commercial quantum computing remains years away, finding new ways to tackle critical challenges is a key objective of this new consortium. Once use cases are identified, the collaborative venture for quantum application development acceleration program can provide an expedited pathway to develop targeted applications through public-private partnerships.
This amendment and the collaborative venture for Quantum Application Development Acceleration Program together will drive US innovation towards solving critical real world challenges impacting American society, and will augment the long term basic research currently being conducted through the National Quantum Initiative. I urge my colleagues to support this amendment, and I yield back the balance of my time, Mr. Chairman.
Speaker 2
Gentleman yields, and I'd like to recognize the ranking member of California.
Speaker 3
I wanna thank Mister Oblin, I understand he worked with Miss Stevens for this good amendment. We do know that one of the core challenges with advancing quantum technologies is a so-called valley of death between lab and market, and this amendment would establish a public-private partnership with the Department of Commerce to focus on near-term quantum applications and would accelerate technology transfer. It's a good amendment, and I would encourage everyone to support it.
Speaker 2
Any further discussion? Hearing none, well, on the adoption of Obernoti amendment 063. All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no.
In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it, and the amendment is adopted. Next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Webster of Florida. Clerk shall report Webster amendment of three six.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered as read. I recognize Representative Webster of Florida for five minutes to explain the amendment.
Speaker 18
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. For decades, we have let communist China corner the market on rare earth materials and other critical materials. So this amendment would help us avoid making any mistakes that we had in the past, with a new critical material, helium-three. Helium-three is necessary for cooling certain kinds of quantum computers to near absolute zero so that they can function. It's also used in sensors and detects new nuclear and radiological material at their borders, but it's extremely rare.
Only two or three kilograms are produced every year worldwide. This amendment would ensure that the National Qualm Initiative is taken into account so that we build a robust domestic supply chain for this critical material. As my colleagues support this amendment, I yield back. Is there any further?
Speaker 2
Discussion? Any further discussion? Hearing none, the question is on the adoption of Webster amendment 036. All those in favor, say aye. Aye.
Those opposed, say no. The opinion of the chair of the ayes have it, the amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Subramani of Virginia. The clerk shall report Subramann amendment 112.
Speaker 2
Objection. The amendment is considered as read, and I recognize Representative Subramanian of Virginia for five minutes to explain the amendment.
Speaker 19
Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'm very supportive of the work we're doing today to reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative. And with some of these investments, we will be pushing through and pushing forward breakthroughs in quantum computing, which will have an incredibly positive impact. But we also need to look more into how quantum would have negative impacts and impact our security, because quantum computers of the future could break encryption, could compromise financial transactions, defense secrets, and other national security data. So this amendment is language from the bipartisan Quantum Encryption Readiness and Resilience Act by myself and Representative Maguire.
This would require an assessment of the country's quantum capabilities, track quantum innovations in other countries, identify sectors vulnerable to quantum, and create a national plan to mitigate risks posed by quantum computers. I hope you'll support this amendment. I yield back.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, yields back. Any further discussion? Hearing none, the question is on the adoption of Subaru Miyam amendment 112. All those in favor, say aye. Aye.
Those opposed, say no. In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it. The amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Van Epps of Tennessee. Clerk shall report Van Epps amendment 008.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered read. I recognize Representative Van Epps of Tennessee for five minutes to explain his amendment.
Speaker 20
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. American researchers have made significant advancements in quantum over the last several years, yet it is crucial we continue to rapidly move beyond scientific research to commercially deployable applications, including our military capabilities. For example, Quantum Sensing supports a wide range of battlefield applications, such as navigation in GPS-denied environments and detection of electronic warfare systems. Bringing Quantum from the lab into the field can empower American warfighters for mission success. However, these capabilities have not yet fully matured into operational systems for routine use.
That's why the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act is a step in the right direction. Updating quantum programs to move from lab development into real-world deployment, and creating quantum test beds to translate research into private sector quantum development. These updates aligned with the exciting contributions Tennessee's 7th District has made in quantum. Recently, Vanderbilt University partnered with EPP of Chattanooga to launch the Institute for Quantum Innovation. This institute will provide Vanderbilt's leading quantum research programs access to the EPB Quantum Center, the nation's first facility to provide commercial access to a trapped ion quantum computer in a photonics-based local quantum network.
Vanderbilt's efforts prove the U. S. Is ready to move from the lab to real work application for quantum, with Tennessee leading the way. My amendment ensures the important updates in this reauthorization bill are effectively implemented to bring quantum technologies into real-world use. The amendment directs OSTP and the National Academies to assess the National Quantum Initiative program to ensure it meets its goals, particularly as it relates to the development of quantum applications.
In addition, the amendment directs NIST to conduct a study and produce a report to this committee on impediments to collaboration between federally backed research centers, industry, and academia. For the US to sustain its quantum leadership, it is essential that any gaps between American researchers and private industry are decisively identified and tactically remediated. By passing this amendment, this committee clearly demonstrates that the updated policy priorities made in the reauthorization bill will translate into effective policy delivery. I urge my colleagues to support this amendment, and I yield back.
Speaker 3
I'll just, would like to thank Mr. Van Ebbs for this amendment. We have studied it and supported it, and I would encourage everyone to do the same. I yield back.
Speaker 2
She yields back. And I'd like to say that I commend the gentleman for offering this amendment. This provision strengthens oversight of the National Quantum Initiative by requiring an independent assessment of the program's progress and identifying barriers to collaboration. A clearer understanding of performance and coordination across government, industry, and academia will help maximize the impact of our investments. I support its conclusion in the bill.
There's no further discussion on the amendment. The question is on adoption of Van Appe's amendment 008. All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no.
In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it. The amendment is adopted. The next amendment on the roster is the amendment offered by Representative Oberknolty of California. The clerk shall report Oberknolty amendment 064.
Speaker 3
Mister chairman, I reserve a point of order. I would like to say reserving the point of order, this is a good amendment. It's just not within the committee's jurisdiction. And I.
Speaker 2
Yes, ma'am. The gentleman from California reserves a point of order. The gentleman from California, Mister Obernoti, is recognized to explain the amendment.
Speaker 12
Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. The members of this committee are aware that the threat posed by quantum computing to our national cybersecurity infrastructure is not merely hypothetical. It is imminent. Cryptographic systems that protect some of our most sensitive federal data were designed for a pre-quantum world, and we cannot afford to wait until our adversaries have the capability to break them before we act. The time to modernize this infrastructure is immediate.
In 2022, the congress directed that federal entities protect unclassified information to post-quantum cryptographic or PQC strength. Since then, departments and agencies have responded through the national security memorandum, NSM 10, with the General Services Administration coordinating procurement on a 10 to 20 year timeline for the transition to PQC protection largely through the purchase of hardware components. Unfortunately, this approach offered by GSA also comes with an enormous price tag, because new equipment must be procured, and this creates disruption because the new hardware must be physically installed. My amendment addresses this by authorizing federal agencies to procure and deploy interim PUQC software to protect federal systems against the emerging threat of quantum computing-enabled cyber attacks without forcing them to pay for new and expensive hardware. My amendment does not pick winners and losers in the market place.
Instead, it sets a rigorous floor of technical and security requirements grounded in NIST standards, and empowers federal agencies to move quickly to meet them. Importantly, this amendment would also protect taxpayers and federal agencies from vendor lock-in. Agencies would retain full control over their own encryption keys, and contracts are required to include opt-out provisions so the federal government is never held hostage to a single provider. As members of the science-based and technology committee, I believe, and I think we all believe, Congress has a responsibility to ensure our federal systems are prepared for the technical technological realities ahead. This amendment is a common-sense, fiscally responsible step towards that goal.
Unfortunately, as the ranking member pointed out, the cross-agency nature of this amendment renders it outside the jurisdiction of this markup. And so I will reluctantly be moving to withdraw it at this time. But I'd like to thank the chairman and my staff for working with me on the language. And while we couldn't get it over the finish line in this markup, I am looking forward to continuing to work with them and my colleagues to find opportunities to move common-sense policies such as this through the legislative process in the future. I withdraw the amendment, and, mister chairman, I yield back the balance of my time.
Speaker 2
Gentlemen, yields, and the amendment is withdrawn. Thank you. The next amendment on the roster is an amendment offered by Representative Fushi of North Carolina. The clerk shall report Fushi amendment of five four.
Speaker 2
Without objection, the amendment is considered read. I recognize representative Fushi of North Carolina for 5 minutes.
Speaker 15
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. North Carolina has strong leadership in quantum science, with institutions like the Duke Quantum Center and NC State helping prepare thousands of students each year for careers in science and engineering. But maintaining US leadership in quantum and translating that leadership into economic growth and good-paying jobs requires a strong talent pipeline that starts in K-12 and extends through advanced research careers. Programs like the national Q12 education program supported by NSF and bipartisan efforts such as the QLEAP Act that I introduced with Congressman Obonote are important steps in that direction. My amendment would reauthorize the next generation quantum leaders pilot program to support strengthening pathways from K-12 education through higher education and into the quantum workforce.
As we work to maintain US leadership in quantum, we must invest not only in the science, but also in the people who will drive these breakthroughs. Programs like QLEAP help ensure that this talent pipeline continues to grow. I thank the chair and ranking member for their leadership, and I urge my colleagues to support this amendment. And thank you, Mr. Chair. I yield back the balance of my time.
Speaker 2
Gentlewoman, he yields back. If there's no further discussion on the amendment, the question is on adoption of Fushi amendment 054. All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say no.
In the opinion of the chair, the ayes have it, and the amendment is adopted. There are no additional amendments on the amendment roster. Are there any further amendments? Hearing none, a reporting quorum being present, I move that the committee report H.R. 8462, the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act, as amended to the House with the recommendation that the bill be favorably approved. The question is on favorably reporting HR 8462 as amended to the House.
All those in favor, say aye. Aye. Those opposed, say nay. The ayes have it, and the bill, as amended, is ordered favorably reported. Without objection, the motion to reconsider is laid on the table.
Without objection, I ask that staff be authorized to make any necessary technical and conforming changes to the bill, so ordered. Members have two calendar days to submit supplemental minority or additional views on these measures. And I would also like to make a sad announcement. There's a young lady in here, and I'm looking at her right now, Miss Joyce Benjamin, who's been with us on my congressional staff and also here at SST, who is going to be leaving us. This is her last day.
And, I guess I feel at liberty to say that some lucky guy is getting ready to marry this young lady. And so, we wish you the very best. May God bless and Godspeed. Okay, Joyce?
Speaker 2
Amen. Amen. Okay. With no further business before the committee, this, the committee stands adjourned.
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