"Bad Medicine: Politics, Unions, and Antisemitism in Health Care"
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House Education and Workforce Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions U.S. House of Representatives
Follow its sittingsSpeaker 2
However, the Trump administration has taken the problems that patients and health care workers face and made them demonstrably worse. Since President Trump returned to office, his administration and congressional Republicans have waged relentless attacks on the health and well-being of the American people, particularly the most vulnerable Americans. Republicans have failed to meaningfully lower drug costs. And thanks to their big ugly bill and failure to extend the Affordable Care Act enhanced premium tax cuts, millions of Americans have seen their health care premiums skyrocket. At the same time, president Trump's reckless economic policies and foreign wars have accelerated a cost of living crisis in one in which one third of Americans could not afford a $400 emergency expense.
I think everyone here knows that a medical crisis costs a lot more than $400. The Trump administration policies in this congress' inaction have also harmed our ability to address discrimination for both workers and patients. Multiple agencies, including the Department of Health and Human Services, have slashed programs and research they deemed to be too woke and banned words such as black, disability, trauma, accessible, and mental health. How are we supposed to stop discrimination if we aren't allowed to describe it? These policies have not made Americans, including Jewish Americans, healthier or safer.
Instead, Americans are forced to scrap the bottom of the barrel and skip doctors' appointments to avoid crushing medical debt. The leading cause of bankruptcy in the United States is medical debt. We should be addressing that. Democrats are committed to protecting people from hate and discrimination and providing safe, affordable health care so that all Americans can access the care they need. I look forward to today's discussion and continue to look forward, Mr. Chairman, to work with you in a principal way on addressing discrimination in America.
I yield back.
Speaker 1
Gentlemen, yields. Pursuant to committee rule eight c, all members who wish to insert written statements into the record may do so by submitting them to the committee clerk electronically in Microsoft Word format by 5 PM 14 days after this hearing. And without objection, the hearing record will remain open for 14 days to allow such statements and other extraneous material noted during the hearing to be submitted for the official hearing record. I will now turn to the introduction of our four distinguished witnesses. Our first witness is Miss Dina Margolis, litigation staff attorney at the Lewis D. Brandy Center for Human Rights under law in New York, New York.
Our second witness is doctor Jacob Grumman, a cardiology fellow in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Our third witness is Miss Jamie Boren, chief executive officer of Bend the Arc in New York, New York. Our last witness is Miss Evelyn Shekman, chief executive officer of the American Jewish Medical Association in Sacramento, California. We thank the witnesses for being here today, and we look forward to your testimony. Pursuant to committee rules, I would ask that you each limit your oral presentation to a 3-minute summary of your written statement.
As command committee members have many questions for you, the clock will count down from 3 minutes. Pursuant to committee rule eight d and committee practice, however, you will not cut, we will not cut off your testimony until you reach the five minute mark. I would also like to remind the witnesses to be aware of their responsibility to provide accurate information to the subcommittee. I will first recognize Miss Mongales for your testimony.
Speaker 3
Chairman Allen, ranking member Designer, and distinguished members of the subcommittee, thank you for this opportunity to testify. My name is Dina Margolis, and I'm an attorney at the Lewis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law, where I represent Jewish and Israeli individuals facing anti-Semitic harassment and discrimination. Before joining Brandeis, I worked at a health care organization monitoring the quality of care under Medicare and Medicaid. Since the October seventh Hamas terror attacks, we have seen an unprecedented surge in requests for help from Jewish individuals facing antisemitism, including for refusing to disavow Zionism as part of their Jewish identity. Hostility to Zionists often functions as a proxy for hostility to Jews, especially when it is used to exclude, demonize, or demand that Jews abandon a part of their identity as the price of admission to a school, workplace, professional association, or a union.
Today, I will focus on health care labor unions that use the power and privileges of union representation not to protect workers' rights, but to promote anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist campaigns that demonize Israel and marginalize Jewish and Israeli health care workers. The issue is not whether health care workers may hold political views. Of course, they may. The problem arises when health care unions use their authority and resources to promote anti-Semitic campaigns outside their labor mission. Jewish and Israeli health care professionals are then placed in an impossible position.
The union that is supposed to represent them is also helping to create the hostile work environment they must endure. We are seeing this in health care unions across the country. For example, at the National Union of Healthcare Workers, Jewish and Israeli health care professionals report that union spaces became increasingly hostile after October 7, and that they had been pressured to adopt anti-Zionist statements, have met hostility from union leadership, and their request for meaningful antisemitism training was not addressed. The harm is not theoretical. A Jewish physician at a major academic medical center shared a wanted poster included in my written testimony that was posted throughout his campus, identifying him and accusing him of complicity in ethnic cleansing.
The poster created a threatening workplace, affected his work in the hospital for months, and led patients and colleagues to interrogate him about Israel, even though Israel had nothing to do with the work as a physician. Patients do not want politics in health care. When they are vulnerable in an exam room, hospital bed, or operating room, they need to trust that every member of the care team is focused on their well-being, not on shunning excellent doctors because they are Jewish or Israeli. When that is happening, the harm is not just to the workplace environment, but it also affects patient care and safety. We are also seeing antisemitism enter health care through clinical language.
In some mental health settings, so-called decolonizing therapy frameworks pathologize Zionism itself, treating a core part of Jewish identity as morally or psychologically defective. Antisemitism can be dressed up as labor solidarity or clinical language, but the effect is the same. Jewish and Israeli health care professionals and patients are treated as morally suspect and unable to participate fully and equally in clinical settings. Congress can and should act. They should ensure that health care unions cannot use workplace power to promote anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist campaigns that marginalize Jewish and Israeli workers or threaten patient care.
Thank you, and I look forward to your questions.
Speaker 4
Chairman Allen, ranking member Desalnier, and members of the subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to testify today. My name is Jacob Agronen. I'm a cardiology fellow at a major medical academic center, and I've been training for numerous years to take care of patients. That is what I'm supposed to be doing today with my time and energy. Instead, I'm here because my union formally discriminates against physicians based on national origin, openly supports terror sympathizers, and has made its obsession with a single geopolitical conflict a defining feature of its identity.
I will soon be compelled by federal law to fund it. I did not choose this union. The committee of interns and residents, CIR, was voted in at my institution. No contract has been signed yet. But when it is, a portion of my salary funded in part by Medicare's direct graduate medical education program will flow to an organization whose conduct I will describe today.
CIR represents 37,000 residents and fellow physicians across this country. In May 2024, it passed a formal resolution titled House Staff Against Apartheid, declaring Israel guilty of apartheid and genocide as an official organizational doctrine. That resolution endorses the boycott, divest, and sanction movement, and explicitly calls on hospitals to divest, and I quote, all resources, including but not limited to financial contributions, human capital, pension funds, and retirement programs. Human capital means people. CIR has formally recommended that hospitals exclude my Israeli colleagues from employment, and then compel dues from those same colleagues to fund that position.
If any employer in this country adopted that policy, we would call it what it is, discrimination. CIR has publicly supported Mahmoud Khalil, whom the secretary of state determined posed serious adverse foreign policy consequences and who was alleged to have distributed Hamas-associated materials. CIR has also publicly supported doctor Rasha Alooyah, a physician who expressed sympathy for Hezbollah, a designated foreign terrorist organization that has killed hundreds of Americans, and she even attended its leader's funeral. These are not the views of rogue members. In fact, they're documented public organizational choices. My union supports terror sympathizers.
This is not a characterization. It is a description of their own conduct. Jewish and Israeli colleagues who face CIR's hostility will often not speak publicly. Not because they don't care, they certainly do, but because they're afraid it will affect their employment, their ability to finish training, and most importantly, their ability to care for patients in an environment where they don't face harassment from their peers. A union is supposed to protect workers, and this one has made some of its members afraid to speak. While this is happening, the resolutions, the rallies, the statements, the political campaigns, my colleagues and I are just trying to take care of the patients.
That is why we're here. CIR's relentless focus on this one geopolitical conflict is a distraction from our mission. I am a Jewish American, and I want to be very clear. I'm here as an American physician telling this subcommittee that federal law will soon require me to fund an organization that supports terror sympathizers and formally recommends the exclusion of my colleagues based on where they're from. When Americans come to the hospital, they are not thinking about geopolitics.
They should not have to wonder whether their doctor's unit supports terror sympathizers, but mine does. And Congress has the authority to do something about it. Thank you very much.
Speaker 5
Chairman Allen, ranking member de Saunier, and members of the subcommittee. Thank you for inviting me here today. The organization that I lead as CEO, Bend the Arc Jewish Action, is the nation's largest Jewish membership organization focused on domestic policy. We fight antisemitism, racism, and other forms of hate. And right now, many American Jews are understandably afraid.
Devastating acts of antisemitism and increasing attacks on Jews, including as a proxy for Israel, are impacting our physical and emotional well-being. Antisemitism is never acceptable, and it is heartbreaking to encounter it in a health care setting. Imagine being the granddaughter of a Holocaust survivor, having her therapist dismiss her fear, claiming videos of Hamas's attack on October 7 are a conspiracy. Increased antisemitism leaves many Jews feeling isolated and unsure of who to trust. I feel this fear myself some days when I drop my own children off at religious school at our conservative synagogue.
But this is not the only reason why we feel alone. The Trump administration is using Jewish safety as a pretext for policies that endanger our neighbors and our democracy. And as a Jewish leader, that angers me to see our safety used to justify violating rights, detaining immigrants, or destroying parts of civil society. These disingenuous attacks advance ulterior political goals without making the Jews any safer. They don't combat antisemitism, they weaponize it.
To effectively fight antisemitism, we must not broadly characterize First Amendment-protected speech or criticism of Israel as illegal. Criticism of the government of Israel is not inherently antisemitic, but both supporters and critics of Israel can fuel antisemitism by indiscriminately conflating Jews with the state of Israel or invoking anti-Jewish tropes. Unions and professional organizations are engaged in the same debates happening across America. These disagreements are not inherently illegal, antisemitic discrimination or harassment. In fact, some of the loudest voices in these organizations on both sides of these debates are Jewish themselves.
These organizations should apply their conduct rules uniformly and adhere to federal civil rights laws, but to smear the institutions themselves as anti-Semitic because of what some members say is politically motivated. It's gross governmental overreach to constitutionally protected speech among adults. And the administration itself has built a dangerous permission structure for bigotry and anti-Semitism through their embrace of white nationalists and extremists. This normalizing of hate endangers not just Jews, but all Americans. Because antisemitism does not exist in a vacuum.
When racism and xenophobia are allowed to flourish, antisemitism inevitably flourishes alongside it. That is one of the many reasons we can only fight antisemitism alongside other forms of hate. So let's talk about the dangers to Jewish safety and health care right now. The administration's cuts to Medicaid and the ACA have made access to health care harder for all Americans, including Jews. Unbelievably, they've also frozen funding for the HHS Office of Civil Rights, gutting the agency responsible for investigating medical bias.
And there is another threat to Jewish safety in our healthcare system. The rabbis teach us to trust women to make decisions about pregnancy and ensure that everyone has access to safe reproductive health care, including abortion. Just this month, 30 Jewish organizations from every denomination in America joined an amicus brief to the Supreme Court, organized by the National Council of Jewish Women in support of medication abortion. Jews are not safer with access to scientifically sound, sorry. Jews are safer with access to scientifically sound, culturally appropriate health care that is not contingent on other people's religious beliefs.
Instead of adopting the punitive approach favored by the administration, Congress should take actions that actually fight antisemitism, which I have detailed in my written testimony, and so I'll be brief. Support the improving reporting to prevent hate act and the support the antisemitism response and prevention act. Use antisemitism definitions as educational tools and not divisive speech codes that can be used as a pretext to curtail First Amendment protected speech. Call out antisemitism whenever and wherever you hear it, and refuse to normalize conspiracy theories and antisemitic tropes from elected leaders. Ben the Arc has a dismantling antisemitism messaging guide that explains in detail how to talk about Jewish safety effectively.
The future for this country that is safest for Jews is the future of this country that is safest for everyone, a thriving multiracial democracy, where every person has access to dignified, appropriate, and affordable health care, because there is no higher Jewish value than pikuach nefesh, saving a life. Where the medical professionals keeping us healthy are protected on the job and can bargain as a unit, where antisemitism and all hatreds are dismantled, and where Jewish people refuse to remain silent, as our safety is used as a pretext to harm our allies and neighbors. Thank you.
Speaker 6
Chairman Allen, ranking member Designer, and members of the subcommittee. Thank you for inviting me here to testify on antisemitism in health care. My name is Evelyn Shekman, and I serve as CEO of the American Jewish Medical Association. And I have more than 25 years of experience within the health care sector. I am the granddaughter of Holocaust survivors and a first-generation American born to a family of Jewish refugees.
I am testifying today with a sense of urgency that I did not expect to feel in 2024. Antisemitism is not new, but we have entered a new era in which Jew hatred hides behind the guise of anti-Zionism. The vast majority of American Jews identify as Zionists or support Israel's right to exist as a Jewish and democratic state. That means that when Zionism is targeted, Jewish people are targeted. We are seeing calls to fire Jewish doctors, the praising of terrorist groups in and outside of clinical settings, the refusal to treat patients because of their faith, national origin, or Zionist identity, and the demand that Jewish colleagues renounce Israel as a condition of workplace acceptance.
This is antisemitism. This is discrimination, and it is a distraction. It has no place in medicine, yet we are seeing it in hospitals, medical schools, associations, and unions. Every health care professional has the right to a workplace where they can focus on the patient, thereby fulfilling their Hippocratic oath. But Jewish health care professionals are denied that right because geopolitics and activism have infected the health care space.
When employers fail to protect their workers, employees rely on labour unions for help. Today, many unions have created an environment where Jewish professionals no longer feel welcome because union resources have focused on politics instead of patients. Worse yet, Jewish members are compelled to fund these activities through mandatory dues. The committee of interns and residents, the nation's largest house staff union, has become inhospitable to Jewish members, actively institutionalizing antisemitism. In May 2024, CIR passed resolutions blacklisting political candidates who accept donations connected to the so-called Israel lobby, and another endorsing the boycott, divestment, and sanctions movement.
CIR has openly supported terrorist sympathizers and plastered hospitals with posters accusing Israel of the false charge of genocide and apartheid. Jewish CIR members who ask the union to focus on patient care instead of geopolitics are routinely silenced, ostracized, and isolated from the union dialogue. Other unions are not immune. National Nurses United has even distributed a guide on how members can bring anti-Israel politics, sentiments, and polarizing activity within the clinical setting. Anti-Semitic conduct must be investigated and punished with the same urgency as any other form of discrimination.
Every Jewish health care professional, every patient, and every person who walks through a hospital door deserves nothing less. Thank you for this opportunity to testify for Jewish voices in health care. I look forward to your questions.
Speaker 1
Thank you all for your opening statement. Yeah. Now we are ready for, under committee rule nine, we will now question witnesses under the five-minute rule. I will recognize myself for 5 minutes. Doctor Gronin, it takes real courage for you to be here today.
Like you said, you'd really like to be taking care of your patients. But to speak about something, these anti Semitic actions of the c r e c r I c r I r r union and some of its members. Can you discuss how the CIR leadership and some members have created what you call in your written testimony a climate of enforced silence for Jewish and pro-Israel medical trainees?
Speaker 4
Thank you, Chairman Allen, for your question. On a policy level, they very clearly created a culture of discrimination, of intimidation, of exclusion, among my Israeli colleagues, my Jewish colleagues, and a large number of others that support the state of Israel or just don't like this activity. Many of my colleagues are really afraid to speak up about this. I've tried to have them sign petitions, and people are really afraid to have their name on anything that goes against the union. I think most importantly, when it comes to this point, is Americans really do not want their doctors supporting terrorist sympathizers, which is exactly what this union is doing.
It's creating a culture of fear and intimidation in our hospitals.
Speaker 1
Thank you. Miss Margolis, your written testimony describes Jewish physicians being shunned and isolated in hospital settings because of the perceived support for Israel. How does that kind of conduct affect the work floor, the workplace, and patient care?
Speaker 3
Thank you for the question. And I think that, first and foremost, health care depends on trust, teamwork, and professional cooperation. So if Jewish doctors, and Israeli doctors, are being isolated and marginalized and ostracized, it affects patient care. It doesn't make it a safe place for patients. You know?
They feel vulnerable when they come into a hospital setting, and they're certainly gonna be concerned about the quality of care that they're gonna receive if a doctor right in front of them is being ostracized by their coworkers. At the same time, it's also, besides affecting patient care, we should be concerned that there are hostile work environments for Jewish and for Israeli doctors based on protected characteristics. If this were for any other group, it would be addressed.
Speaker 1
Thank you. Miss Shekman, your written testimony provides examples of disciplinary action taken against Jewish medical professionals because of their public condemnation of Hamas, speaking out against antisemitism. What impact does retaliation or fear of retaliation have on Jewish medical professionals?
Speaker 6
So the clinical environment is highly regulated. It's highly coordinated. If anyone who's seen what goes on in an Operating Room, everything there has to be synchronized, and it's planned out. If there is something that comes in that is unplanned, that is a distraction, that is disruptive, you are disrupting the whole system and you are impacting patient care. There is a trust that's involved, there are relationships that are involved, and everyone there needs to be focused on the patient and nothing else but the patient.
You need to create an ideal setting that is, keeping the patient in mind. Not politics, not geopolitics, just the patient.
Speaker 1
Good. Thank you. And, again, I appreciate your courage for standing up for what you believe in. And, you know, there's gonna be an attempt to change the subject here today at the administration. But I can tell you this, never in history has an administration united the entire Middle East against the most evil in the world, and that is people, a nation that says they want to destroy Israel and everyone that supports the people of Israel.
That is what the conflict we're in today. It is a righteous conflict. And, thank goodness for the courage of this administration in taking on this very difficult situation. And, again, that's courage, and we're seeing courage today. And we've seen it throughout biblical history.
So, you know, we're in this conflict together. So thank you very much. And I yield my time, and I now call on Mr. Courtney for his line of questioning.
Speaker 7
Thank you, mister chairman, and thank you to all the witnesses for being here. I wanna take a point of personal privilege just to particularly welcome Miss Shekman who's here today. Her twenty-five years of experience in health care I personally benefited from, as well as her husband Mark, who's an incredibly talented surgeon who makes sure that I can actually get around a golf course, mister chairman, because of knee replacement surgery that he just did for me a few months ago. So, oh. Any No.
Speaker 7
Thank you. So the seriousness of this issue today is undeniable in terms of what's happening in 2026, as was mentioned earlier. Eli Wiesel once famously said that antisemitism affects more than its victims. It affects the society in which it lives and breathes. And, unfortunately, we are seeing it, you know, manifest itself in the most unexpected places, in quiet suburban Connecticut.
A few weeks ago in Coventry, Connecticut, the town council meeting, which was being presided over by the council chair, which is the mayor of the city there, Lisa Thomas, who is Jewish and the granddaughter of Jewish refugees. The meeting was suddenly interrupted by individuals doing Nazi salutes and saying, Sieg Heil, which, again, was just, you know, beyond shocking and offensive. As you know, the statement that Lisa put out afterwards is that this is not free speech. It's hateful. These gestures and symbols represent loyalty to a regime that committed genocide, and their use today is intended to intimidate and dehumanize Jewish people.
Lisa is a retired teacher, longtime member of the NEA union. She was the head of the local in Hebron, Connecticut, which is nearby. And the good news I just wanna share is that the Jewish Federation of Eastern Connecticut has organized a community conversation and gathering, is gonna happen in a few days, encountering the Holocaust and antisemitism. And the ADL has also stepped forward in terms of trying to connect with Jewish public officials, elected officials who, again, are experiencing, unfortunately, what happened to Lisa a few weeks ago. Last night, the New London police arrested an individual who threatened the Sikh American, mayor of Norwich, to take out him and his family.
So as Wiesel said, you know, this virus, you know, really becomes systemic and widespread, and we've really gotta be smart about making sure that we take the appropriate steps. So, Miss Shekman, in your testimony, you really explicitly said that we need to ensure robust enforcement of the Civil Rights Act as one of the, you know, suggestions to Congress. And I really appreciate that because I think, frankly, there's broad consensus that if there's, well, there were in law school, as you may recall, miss Margolis, there was a legal statement, which basically says without a remedy, there is no right. And right now, because of the fact that the office of civil rights has been basically disappearing in plain sight, there is no remedy for people who have complaints in terms of antisemitism, whether it's in medical schools or medical institutions. And, again, the civil rights office for the Department of Education, which has jurisdiction over medical schools, resolved only one percent of cases in 2025 because between DoJ and decisions made by Secretary McMahon, that office was basically dismantled.
She's scrambling now to rehire people because they realized that they went too far and that there is a backlog of cases, has piled up, in the wake of, you know, really a very bad decision. So, Miss Barron, I mean, again, just to give you a second to talk about, again, the OCR and just how that's actually a very concrete way that Congress in Washington can help address this issue.
Speaker 5
Yeah. For sure. I think that we can all agree that funding the office of civil rights is one of the key steps that we can take to combat antisemitism. And, you know, 72% of Jewish American voters don't approve of the job this administration is doing, and physical assaults against Jews in the US were at the highest rates in nearly 50 years in 2025. So while I understand that, a lot of conversation about antisemitism has been happening, I think funding these offices that can take proactive steps and actually investigate complaints is one of the most important things that can.
Speaker 7
And, again, as we learned in first year law school, if you don't have a remedy, you just don't have a right. You can have all the fancy language in there and deplore injustice. But, frankly, if you don't have a remedy, it is all for naught. Without a yield back.
Speaker 1
The gentleman yields. Now I call on our chairman of the full committee, Mr. Wahlberg, for your line of questions.
Speaker 9
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thanks to the panel for being here. And, Miss Ekman, if you and your husband were able to get Representative Courtney's golf game better, we need to talk after this. Well, maybe it'd take a miracle anyway for me. So thanks for being here.
Miss Margolis, your testimony discusses health care unions moving beyond mandatory bargaining, subjects that normally would be things like wages and working conditions, into anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist campaigns. I think I know the answer, but I'd like you to discuss with us why that is especially concerning in a health care setting.
Speaker 3
Happy to address this. Health care settings are incredibly delicate. Okay? A hospital setting is supposed to be about patient care, and I think everybody here agrees that patients in America should have quality care. If you have a hostile work environment in a hospital setting, right, where you need trust and cooperation between doctors and nurses and support staff, it's going to affect the quality of care that patients receive.
The other thing is that there is no place for politics inside of a hospital. That's why, if you notice, there are dress codes. Right? And you see people in different colored gears, so you can identify the doctor or the nurse or the technician. Because nobody should know what your views are, whether you're a doctor in an emergency room, or if you're a psychiatrist or a therapist.
Right? You're supposed to be a blank slate, and you're supposed to provide people care no matter what their protected characteristic is.
Speaker 9
Mhmm. Yeah. Agnostic as far as the peripheral stuff. Just make me well. Put my shoulder back together, and thank you.
Doctor Gronin, the majority of your colleagues voted for CIR to represent them, which was their right, of course. Probably wrong, the right to be wrong, but otherwise, now the hospital is in the middle of collective bargaining with CIR, which means it has legal responsibility to bargain in good faith. What does bargaining in good faith mean? Keying on that, bargaining in good faith mean to you?
Speaker 4
Thank you for your question. Bargaining in good faith has to mean bargaining in the interests of all members represented. In this case, they're clearly not. It's impossible for them to bargain in good faith when they or by organizational doctrine want to exclude a portion of those that will apply under their purview, namely my Israeli colleagues. This is not collective bargaining.
This is actually selective bargaining, okay. Where they're referring to they wanna help those that agree with them, and they want to fire those that don't.
Speaker 4
What I would hope for is the option for those that disagree with this union on a fundamental level to not be compelled to pay dues to this union. I think it's absurd that the union can call for blatant discrimination against Israeli colleagues, and then compel those same colleagues.
Speaker 9
Yeah. To pay to take action on you, against you, and to weaponize the system. Thank you.
Speaker 9
Miss Shekman, your testimony cites materials produced by the National Nurses Union from August 2022, which I understand describe Israel as an apartheid system, an occupation of indigenous Palestinian lands, and a European settler colonial project. Fairly explicit, as in their description. That was their position before October 7. What reports have you received from your members about the activities of the nurses union since October 7?
Speaker 6
So a nurses union, just to remind everyone here, a union is meant to improve the conditions of the employees to create an ideal situation for patient care. So in bringing in a political situation or geopolitics, for something that is halfway around the world, is irrelevant to the patient care setting. So within that context, since then, the nurses union has put forth a guide to try and educate their members in order to how they can bring that into the clinical setting. That's extremely dangerous. So you wanna keep that whole setting sterile, and making sure that you keep patient first.
So they are right now trying to educate and bring the tools into a space that has no space for it, has no place for it.
Speaker 9
Which should bring terror into the hearts and minds of some of the patients who could come under their care. Correct. So, thank you. My time has expired. I yield back.
Speaker 1
Gentlemen, yields. Now I call on the ranking member of the full committee, Mister Scott, for his five minutes of question.
Speaker 8
Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I ask a question to missus, Moran. The committee of Republicans has turned a blind eye to antisemitism when it inconveniences them politically. For example, the leader of their party, Donald Trump, and his allies have repeatedly said vile, anti-Semitic statements, and Republicans have been silent.
Trump has even hosted a holocaust denier at Mar-a-Lago. Committee Republicans have now held three hearings on antisemitism in unions. Yet reports of antisemitism among young Republicans, including news reports of students in the University of Florida's College Republicans chapter doing a Nazi salute, has evoked no response at all. Mister chairman, I'd ask unanimous consent to enter it into the record. A Washington Post article entitled College Republican Group disbanded after students allegedly give Nazi salute.
A New York Times article entitled, White House shrugs off leaked chants, chats from young Republicans praising Hitler. A political article entitled leaked messages exposed young Republicans' racist chant. Thousands of private messages reveal young GLP leaders joking about gas chambers, slavery, and rape. A New York Times article entitled, The Far Right is Dividing College Republicans. A political article entitled, Donald Trump donned with White House nationalist holocaust denier Nick Fuentes.
An article from the Jewish Democratic Council of America entitled Donald Trump's long record on antisemitism, which lists the countless examples of antisemitism espoused by the president in the White House. I'd ask you another consent that those articles be inserted in the record.
Speaker 8
Mister chairman, earlier this month, I sent a letter to chairman Wahlberg asking him if and when he plans to conduct oversight on those kinds of examples, and we obviously haven't had such a hearing. And so, Miss Brand, what are the dangers of a double standard when it comes to calling out and tackling antisemitism?
Speaker 5
Thank you for the question, Mr. Scott. Yeah. American Jews really don't want to be at the center of these political debates. And when it feels like the administration is trying to have it both ways. As you said, it's deeply troubling to watch this administration give a permission structure to Christian nationalists and to surround themselves with people who regularly peddle antisemitism while saying from the other side of their mouth that they care deeply about fighting it.
When that government turns and tries to tell us that they're cracking down on civil society organizations to protect us, how on earth are we as American Jews supposed to trust that? I don't trust that. I don't feel protected by those choices by the administration. And I hear from Jewish people every day about how it scares us that the office of civil rights and many of the other ways that antisemitism and other forms of hate are able to be reported on effectively are being dismantled and undermined.
Speaker 8
Well, that, you mentioned the office of civil rights in various organizations, and I'd point out that this committee under Republican leadership does not have a subcommittee on civil rights. Used to under Democrats that has a subcommittee on civil rights, not this one. Those organizations can investigate and address antisemitism. And, did you what did you say about their funding?
Speaker 5
Yeah. That they've defunded many of these institutions, and that has real world consequences on the ability to actually investigate claims of antisemitism, which deeply concerns me. And I think being able to have a whole of government response by passing something like the antisemitism response and prevention act that funds these offices, that puts a national coordinator in place so we can actually have all of our government agencies working together to investigate these various forms of hate.
Speaker 8
And then the Department of Education, the Office of Civil Rights, is being effectively dismantled. Does the politicization of antisemitism make Jews safer, and do you feel that some policies advanced by this administration have actually undermined the fight against antisemitism?
Speaker 5
Yeah. That's right. I mean, we're a small minority community that is already feeling vulnerable, as demonstrated by the stories you've been hearing today. And, you know, the last thing we want is to be used as a convenient excuse to dismantle the dairy democratic systems that keep our civil society healthy and safe. And, you know, we don't wanna be a political football that's being put in the middle of these debates.
Speaker 1
Gentleman yields, and now I'll call on Mister Owens for your five minutes of questioning.
Speaker 10
Thank you, mister chairman, for convening this hearing. I cannot express how deeply disappointed it is that we're sitting here today, talking about antisemitism in the health care system. And someone had mentioned there's a virus. It's a cancer, and it's since we've seen growing, it's right. 2026 is hard to believe we're having this conversation in this particular area, particularly.
This is an area where people should be more concerned about saving lives and helping the public, instead of creating division and sowing fear. So I wanna thank the witnesses who are bravely and boldly coming forward to shine a light on what's been going on. Miss Mogolis, you said in your written testimony that health care workers are within their rights to hold political views about The Middle East, Israel, and other topics. Where is the line between legitimate criticism of Israeli government policy and antisemitic and discriminatory conduct targeting Jewish, Israeli, and Zionist health care workers?
Speaker 3
is a really important question, and it gives me an opportunity to also talk about one of the ways in which we determine what is antisemitic conduct.
Speaker 3
And the gold standard for that is the IHRA definition, including its contemporary examples, which are really important for showing what the contemporary manifestations of antisemitism are today. And I wanna be clear that it's not about regulating speech. It's about regulating conduct and the discriminatory intent of that conduct. The other thing that's incredibly important here about the Ira definition is that it says that legitimate criticism of Israel, similar to the criticism of any other country, is fine. It's not anti-Semitic.
But when you demonize Israel or you hold it to a double standard or you hold it to a standard that you hold no other country to, and you collectively blame Jewish people for the actions of Israel, and you alienate them and marginalize them, that is different. That is a contemporary manifestation of antisemitism. And those are the things that I see every day. I talk to students, medical students, doctors, professors, and Jewish employees. And these are the kind of problems that we are seeing.
These are the manifestations of contemporary antisemitism that we are seeing today.
Speaker 10
Thank you. And it's gonna kinda lead into this next question, Mr. Ghani. CRS CIR's 05/05/2024 resolution, house staff against apartheid includes the commitment that CR CR will provide legal and logistical support to staff and members who speak in solidarity with Palestine and other causes that they suffer harassment, disciplinary actions, or other forms of retaliation. Quick question. They mentioned logistical and legal issues.
Does that mean that they will bust people in? If they act out disrespectful, bully people, and get arrested, they'd also help with that process using the dues?
Speaker 4
And while I don't know any specific examples of this taking place yet, I would point out the egregious double standard, as Miss Mergolis was just pointing out, how they focus solely on this one issue. They offer legal support for those that are speaking up against this one issue when we know that they're actually promoting the exact opposite for those with opposing views.
Speaker 10
With that, can you discuss whether CIR has offered similar support to union members who speak in solidarity with Israel or self harassment, disciplinary actions, or other forms of retaliation for opposing the union's pro boycott, divestment, and sanctioned positions?
Speaker 4
They absolutely have not, and they would not. In fact, quite the opposite. I'm in regular contact with dozens of former CIR members who have left the organization specifically because of their conduct regarding Israel. It's just plain and simple Jew hatred and discrimination.
Speaker 10
Miss Hachman, I think you've kind of discussed this, just to address it one more time. One purpose of using this to advocate for better conditions for the members. Can you tell me if CRR's passage of resolution supporting Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions improves conditions for workers? And do you think these resolutions could lead to a negative health outcome?
Speaker 6
Absolutely. They can lead to negative health outcomes. Resources are being taken away from the job of what a union is supposed to do. There is a worthy role of unions, that's to improve the conditions of residents. So anyone who has seen a resident who's worked eighty hours a week or more, understands the type of conditions that need to be addressed.
When resources are not allocated towards what is needed by the member base, and they're instead being used for a geopolitical situation such as a false statement of apartheid and genocide, then it is a misallocation of funds and resources. Therefore, the patient care team and all the members there are learning how not to take care of patients.
Speaker 10
I wanna thank you, first of all, for the standing of this, for your courage to come forward, and, but we need to make sure we're addressing it. So thank you so much, and I yield back.
Speaker 1
Gentleman yields, and now I call on our ranking member, Mr. Saunier, for your five minutes of questioning.
Speaker 2
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I wanna thank all the witnesses again. This has been a good discussion, and I think if we could focus on the issues we've talked about here, we could really make a bipartisan difference. I'm reminded by a couple of statistics. Antisemitic and Islamophobic hate crimes have become more common in recent years.
A crime and justice research and alliance analysis showed that there's been a 12% increase in anti-Jewish hate crimes in 2024 and an 18% increase in anti-Muslim hate crimes in 40 major US cities. And an FBI report said that anti-Jewish hate crimes accounted for roughly 69% of all religious-based hate crimes in 2024, despite Jewish Americans making up 2% of the US population. I think to me that's good framing that we do have a challenge here to the degree we can work on it together without distractions in every field is really important. I unfortunately just got an alert that our former colleague, Barney Frank, just passed away in the New York Times article. He's quoted as saying, prejudice is based on ignorance.
So, Barney, thank you for that reminder as a gay Jewish public official. Miss Barron, could you give me a response to what the international, sorry. I need my glasses. The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance describes frames about defining antisemitism.
Speaker 5
Sure. Thank you for that question, Mister Sanjay, and may Mister Frank's memory be a blessing. The Jewish community is deeply divided on definitions of antisemitism. There are three definitions that all have merits and challenges. But the key point is that they were never intended to be legislated and codified into federal law.
They're really good educational tools, but, even the author of the IHRA definition, did not intend for it to actually be codified into federal law. And so, it has the risk of impacting protected free speech through codification.
Speaker 2
Thanks. Wanna ask that question in context of Congressman Frank because of his quote, is that prejudice is based on ignorance. So let's talk a little bit about, I'd like to ask you a question of the effect of the actions of HR one on what is already a pretty discriminatory, biased health care system for all of the greatness of the American health care system. I agree with everything everyone said as a consumer of health care in my life, particularly recently. We want the best and the brightest working as a team when you go into the emergency room.
So let's talk about the effect of what the big ugly bill did on what I would view as a very biased health care system right now, the impacts of that legislation on minorities in particular.
Speaker 5
Yeah. I mean, you know, we're talking about the largest Medicare cut in history and seeing rollbacks of ACIA tax credits. And, you know, it puts everyone in this country in a terrible squeeze, including Jewish Americans who want to be able to afford their health care, want to be able to get the care that we all Americans need. And so, you know, it's devastating that people have lost access to care. And even for, you know, American Jews who can still afford to go to the doctor, it's still a crisis because it's an indication, it's an indicator of a society that's actually not treating our most vulnerable, and allowing them to get the health care that they deserve.
Speaker 2
So in terms of the most vulnerable, many people who are in minorities and disadvantaged and civil rights protected classes of people, they're gonna end up in the emergency room because in a community like the one I represent in the Bay Area, we spend a lot of effort in primary care. We make sure that people who have to get Medi-Cal in California have a primary care physician, but we're going to have to eliminate that, which means that people who don't have resources will end up where?
Speaker 5
Yeah. I mean, people that don't have resources will end up not being able to get health care, and not being able to afford it. And it's really a shanda. It's a shame. And, you know, I think that because of the ways that our communities overlap, right, American Jews sit at every identity intersection.
So we aren't just Jewish. Right? We're many things, and we are vulnerable to the same things that all Americans are vulnerable to.
Speaker 2
And in that context, again, the cuts that have come to federal grants for people to go into the health field. Could you respond to that?
Speaker 5
Yeah. I mean, I think that across all of these issues, the cuts are impacting our health care system across the board and are making it harder for people to access care, harder for people to stay in the health care field. And it is gonna have long term ramifications for our country.
Speaker 1
Gentleman Yields, and now I call on doctor Under for his five minutes of question.
Speaker 11
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. As a physician and member of Congress, I believe that every American should feel safe in obtaining medical treatment without worrying about facing discrimination based on his or her ethnicity, religion, personal convictions, or other arbitrary factors. Unfortunately, many Jewish patients now confront the troubling reality that antisemitic attitudes exist within parts of the medical community. Major medical organizations have permitted antisemitism to infiltrate health care settings, undermining confidence in patient care, and weakening public trust. According to a recent peer reviewed study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, 40 percent of Jewish health care professionals reported experiencing antisemitism in their professional or academic environment, in the years after Hamas' September 7 terrorist attack against Israel, which is truly alarming.
No physician, therapist, medical student, or health care worker should face intimidation or harassment simply for being Jewish. One recent example, which is deeply disturbing, was a protest outside the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eyewitnesses reported seeing posters developed by the committee of interns and residents depicting bloody raised hands alongside anti-Israel messaging. And, of course, this is a reference to the 2000 Ramallah lynching of two Israelis where one of the killers notoriously held up his blood-soaked hands to a cheering crowd. CIR is the largest house staff union in the United States, representing more than 40,000 resident physicians and fellows across 60 hospitals.
Miss Shekman, you are CEO of the American Jewish Medical Association, which was created in response to rising antisemitism in health care settings after the October seventh Hamas attacks. From your experience, what?
Speaker 11
You think can be done, when major medical associations defend leaders who engage in anti-Semitic harassment or act or excuse acts of terror?
Speaker 6
Thank you for that question. It's an important question. I think, what we also have to understand is that this piece of it is called the institutionalizing of antisemitism. So when it enters into the institutions and it codifies it, then you're entering into dangerous grounds. It becomes systemic, and it's something that we have seen previously, in history.
There are a number of different actions that can be taken. Members can speak up. There are committees for ethics. There are reviews. It can be elevated as well into outside condemnation, and then it can go all the way up to civil rights actions because these are Title VI and Title VII discriminatory actions.
Speaker 11
No. Thank you for that answer. And, could you share some examples of medical institutions that have taken action against antisemitism?
Speaker 6
I love that question. I think it's worthy of also sharing systems that have done well. We're working with a system. We're working with UC San Diego who had some issues of their own, and we've been developing a curriculum with them that has been enlightening. I've gone to every single session of them.
And as things have come up, there have been discussions to address them. I can also say locally, from the state of Connecticut, we've worked very well with our own health care system there, Hartford HealthCare. They have been able to walk a very nice line and promote, you know, say, Israeli technology innovation and those that are really bringing forth partnerships in health care.
Speaker 11
Well, thank you for your answer. And I'd like to yield the balance of my time to the chairman of the full committee, chairman Wahlberg.
Speaker 9
Well, I thank the gentleman, and I just wanted to respond in a way to my good friend and colleague, the ranking member of this committee, and he's concerned that we have not addressed or even spoken about what went on at the University of Florida with the Republican organization. In this committee, our normal process is to bring in institutions like Columbia and others when they do harm and don't do the right thing. University of Florida did the right thing, reprimanded, disciplined the Republican club. I made public statements in support of that, an objection to the Republicans for making those antisemitic statements, as students. That's the difference, and we have a record of that.
I would like to submit, mister chairman, to go alongside the record that I don't think gave the accurate information. We will go after the offenders. And, Miss Shipman, maybe we should do better, maybe bringing the University of Florida in to thank them for what they did immediately in taking action against the antisemitism. So I would request that these documents be submitted for the record as well.
Speaker 1
The gentleman yields, Mr. Chairman. Now I call on miss, mister Fine for his five minutes of questioning.
Speaker 12
Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I apologize. I missed what sounds like a bunch of lies about the University of Florida. I come from Florida. Actually, in Florida, we were the first state to pass the IRA definition, and we applied it to our medical schools and all of our education institutions in K through 20.
And because we passed the IRA definition, when that so-called Republican Club had that event, they were immediately thrown off campus by the university. See, that's the difference between Republicans and Democrats. We do something about it. They like to talk about it. But I wanna give an example of even where there is an issue.
I wanna give an example, and I have a question for Miss Baran about it. I wanna talk about a dentist in the state of Florida. His name is Doctor Fadi Khablaoui. He's not just a dentist in Florida. He's a mainstream Muslim imam at a mosque in North Miami.
And he said the following. O Allah, this is in his sermon. When he's not practicing as a dentist, he's practicing as the Muslim religious leader, the imam of his mosque. He said, oh, Allah, annihilate the tyrannical Jews. Oh, Allah, annihilate them.
He also said, oh, Allah, annihilate the brothers of apes and pigs, referring to the Jews. Should a Muslim religious leader who's a dentist who refers to, I guess, his Jewish patients as the brothers of apes and pigs, should he be allowed to practice medicine in the United States?
Speaker 5
I mean, that's an abhorrent thing to say, and I don't think anybody, that kind of discrimination is okay in any context.
Speaker 12
In your opinion, if it was up to you and you could say, should a Muslim religious leader who says his Jewish patients are the brothers of apes and pigs, is that someone that should be allowed to stick tools into the mouths of his Jewish patients? In North Miami, by the way, where there are lots of Jews, is that someone who you believe should be allowed to practice medicine in the state of Florida?
Speaker 12
So look. It is an issue. This is a real issue, and it's an ironic one. I can't say I've ever experienced this personally. One of my mother's great disappointments is that I did not become a Jewish doctor, so I could not live up to her.
I didn't have a thing. I can't deal with blood. But this is a real issue that is out there. And my question is for Miss Margalese. What I find outrageous in today's testimony is this isn't just a campus problem.
It's affecting hospitals, residency programs, and, as my example just pointed out, patient care itself. I've got refusals to treat Jewish patients, health care workers calling Jews the brothers of apes and pigs, patients hearing pro terror slogans, intifada, long live the intifada, which is a call for violence from hospital rooms. Jewish patients have learned they have to hide their identity just to safely receive care. I actually talked to a kid just this morning who told me he's afraid to wear his kippah here on Capitol Hill. He works in one of our offices, and he's afraid to wear it because he is Jewish.
That's part of why I wear mine, to tell people that they should not be afraid. So I have a question for you. If a nurse publicly said she would refuse to treat black patients, or if patients were lying in hospital beds hearing staff chant slogans associated with violence against them, there'd be national outrage justifiably, and people would lose their jobs immediately. So when Jewish patients are being denied care, intimidated, called the brothers of apes and pigs, or made to fear the people treating them, why instead of zero tolerance are so many institutions still rationalizing this as free speech instead of what it is, outright bigotry that's putting patient lives at risk?
Speaker 3
And I just wanna say as another disappointment who should have been a doctor but also has problems with blood, I feel your pain. So, congressman, Jewish patients and health care workers should never be the exception to basic civil rights protections. And I do feel that we often are because there isn't a legitimate definition to explain what constitutes antisemitism, and that people don't understand it, they don't often identify it. So I do think that's a problem because I agree with you that if similar conduct were directed at any other protected group, if patients fear they would receive worse care, you know, for showing a part of their protected identity, if doctors were shunned because of their identity, institutions would immediately recognize it as discrimination.
Speaker 12
Well, thank you. And since I only have twenty seconds left, that's why I've filed a bill, which I'm hoping this committee is going to hear soon, which does two simple things. It uses the IRA definition, which is what we use to eliminate this problem in Florida, and it simply says that antisemitism has to be treated the same way as racism. That solved the problem in Florida. That's why antisemitism is largely a 49-state problem and not as much of a problem in Florida.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Speaker 1
Thank you. And gentleman yields, and now I call on our chairman Emeritus, Miss Fox, for her five minutes of questioning.
Speaker 13
Thank you, mister chairman, and thanks to our witnesses for being here. Doctor Gronin, your testimony talks about the resolution your union adopted on 05/05/2024 titled House Staff Against Apartheid, which called for boycott, divestment, and sanctions against Israel, and encouraged affiliated academic institutions to divest all resources from Israel, including financial contributions, human capital, pension funds, retirement programs, and intellectual property. What do you understand this call to divest all human capital to mean?
Speaker 4
Thank you for your question. Human capital very clearly refers to Israeli colleagues, but I would also say it extends to other American Zionists, which includes most Jews, a large number of Christians, and a number of other Americans that just don't support this.
Speaker 13
Thank you very much. What effect has the human capital provision in the resolution had on the Jewish and Israeli doctors you work with?
Speaker 4
Thank you. It's created a really problematic culture of intimidation and exclusion. As I mentioned previously, my colleagues are afraid to speak up against this union because of provisions like that. And I do worry it extends to patients. It totally impacts patient care.
You know, should patients' family members have to worry about speaking Hebrew when their family member is sick in the hospital, over fear of how they may be treated differently by some of their doctors that support some of these things.
Speaker 13
Well, thank you very much. Miss Margolis, workers in unionized workplaces have the rights to decline to financially support their union's political activities. Under the Civil Rights Act, they may also obtain a religious accommodation to funding the union's activities. What additional approaches might Congress consider to better protect Jewish and Israeli health care workers from being forced to fund or accept representation from unions that promote hostility toward their identity?
Speaker 3
So conduct oversight into how health care unions use due funded resources, official platforms, member communications, and representative authority. And, also, Congress should be examining whether unions promoting anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist hostility can fairly represent Jewish and Israeli members. Also, the Department of Labor, the National Labor Relations Board, the EEOC, and HHS OCR can also clarify anti-Semitic harassment in health care workplaces is unlawful and whether it comes from employees, coworkers, professional associations, or unions.
Speaker 1
Alright. The gentlelady yields, and let's see. Was okay. Alright. Now I'd like to recognize our ranking member for your closing remarks, since it looks like we have no further questions.
Speaker 2
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. First, I wanna ask unanimous consent to enter into the record three items. The Senate helped democratic staff report entitled Justice Denied: How Trump's Office of Civil Rights reached a 12 year low in protecting students from discrimination. Number two, a political pro-mourning education article entitled, A Sinking Ship, employees flee ED civil rights office. And, number three, a National Council of Jewish Women's amicus brief signed by 50 faith-based organizations to protect, pristine, poor pronunciation, access to the Supreme Court.
Speaker 2
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I do really wanna thank all of the witnesses. I think all of your testimony has helped me, and we really want to just say again how much I feel like we should work together. We can have legitimate differences. I can see some of the differences.
Have many friends in the union movement and health care unions in particular, in California and across the country. So let's have that conversation, but let's focus on what's undeniable, that antisemitism is unacceptable in any form, and we should work together to make sure that there are consequences for people who practice it. And to the question about education and Barney Frank, we must deal with the ignorance around antisemitism and its effects in the workplace. So with that, mister chairman, again, combating antisemitism in every form of discrimination is a moral imperative that demands action by all of us. As a member of the bipartisan task force for combating antisemitism, I take this responsibility very seriously.
It is not enough to ask promise to make promises or change slogans. We must fight every day to ensure that no one is threatened, harassed, or assaulted because of who they are in America, particularly in medical settings where people are giving and receiving life saving care as all of our witnesses have mentioned. Those involved must be provided with dignity and respect. Regrettably, discrimination and inequalities in health care are not new issues. Many individuals and groups have been treated as lesser than and given inadequate treatment.
And although we have taken steps to change that, we still have a long way to go in this country. I, however, fear that only focusing on antisemitism in that way that weaponizes it against unions and health care entities, my colleagues are not only failing to address the concerns of millions of Americans who also experience discrimination every day, but are also failing to exercise appropriate oversight regarding this administration's policies that have sidelined civil rights agencies and have distracted from their mission. These agencies should be fully resourced and staffed to focus on the enforcement of our federal civil rights laws. Instead, they are complicit in the degradation of these agencies, undermining their ability to combat antisemitism and enforce the laws we have in place to fight that discrimination. We need to take antisemitism and all of its forms of discrimination seriously.
But too often, my colleagues across the aisle use these hearings as an excuse to threaten any person, institutional movement that they happen to disagree with, with or without offering any solution, often rather than to get rid of the offending party entirely. It may be politically expedient to do so, but that fails to serve the broader goal of protecting Jewish Americans and others from discrimination and conducting robust enforcement of our civil rights rules. Democrats remain committed to working with you to do just that. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
Speaker 1
I thank the ranking member, and I'd like to thank our witnesses for sharing your experiences and perspectives on how unions are fanning the flames of antisemitism in our hospitals and healthcare institutions. The reason we have these hearings is to work toward solutions. We wanna hear what is, you know, what we are seeing on the ground. We are the people's house here, and we hear you. And, in fact, as representative find like, you mentioned, he is going to put a bill together, as they did in Florida to deal with this problem.
And, so you gotta cut to the chase here, and, that's why we do this. And, again, I wanna thank you for your courage to be here to highlight the issues that it's disturbing that we have to deal with in our nation. You know, today's hearing also highlights the importance of having labor laws that respect the choices of US workers and who do not support their union's political priorities. No worker in America should have to pay dues to a union that celebrates violence against Jews, seeks the destruction of Israel, and advocates for the fair firing of Jewish and Israeli workers. In the state of Georgia, we have a right-to-work law.
It says to hold your job, you do not have to be a member of a union, and you have the free choice to do that. Unions should represent all members fairly, even those with different political or religious views. I look forward to working with committee members and the administration to protect the dignity of workers in America and shield Jewish workers from hate and harassment at work. Like I said, this is un-American. Again, I'd like to thank our witnesses for taking the time to testify before this subcommittee today.
Without objection, there is no further business. The subcommittee stands adjourned.
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